《浙江大學學報》42卷1期(2012年1月)，頁128-138
東漢女詩人蔡琰為蔡邕之女，先嫁衛仲道，因夫亡無子而歸寧於家。西元194至195年，異族南侵，被擄於胡地，嫁匈奴，居胡地十二年，生二子。其後曹操感念與蔡邕之舊誼，以重金將蔡琰贖回，再嫁董祀為妻。蔡琰感傷身世，作詩悲懷。
傳世為蔡琰所作之詩，有五言體和騷體的〈悲憤詩〉，以及〈胡笳十八拍〉。〈胡笳十八拍〉雖然不能確定為蔡琰所作，由其文字內容觀察，作者十分貼近蔡琰的心靈聲音。其後以〈胡笳十八拍〉為題目的續作者，唐代有劉商，宋代則有王安石、李綱和文天祥等人的集句詩。
王安石集句詩寫作具有「迅速」、「對偶工巧」、「更動前人詩句」的特色。被稱為「荊公體」的王安石集句詩，以〈胡笳十八拍〉的層面最為廣大，是王安石在「以文為戲」的外在形制下，嚴謹從事，「用全力出奇」之佳構。
李綱寫〈胡笳十八拍〉的動機不在替蔡琰增添悲憤之聲，而是澆個人胸中塊壘。就作品的藝術成就而言，李綱〈胡笳十八拍〉的各拍之間沒有明顯的敘事時間架構，全篇意象與典故過於集中，時見輾轉重覆，終不如蔡琰流暢陳辭，也不如王安石渾然天成。
文天祥〈胡笳曲〉則較王安石和李綱的集句詩更具有音樂性, 160句全援引杜甫詩。〈胡笳曲〉融合了蔡琰和杜甫詩的格調，將王安石嚴謹的集句模擬、李綱的藉詩言史，融合為兼具忠愛與親情的詩篇。
在作品內容方面：王安石客觀描寫蔡琰故事；李綱則全無蔡琰史實；文天祥藉蔡琰遭遇寫個人離亂身世，各有千秋。
王安石的作品，游離於第一稱的自述口吻與旁觀者的全知視角，基本上仍不脫模擬蔡琰的語氣和敘事結構。李綱的作品，则有意將蔡琰的故事成份抹去，排除敘述亂世女子的生平遭遇，轉而以安史之亂為時代比喻。到了文天祥的筆下，與蔡琰痛別二子的無奈和不幸感同身受，既具宏觀的歷史描繪，也道出了個人的不盡悲涼憤慨。
總結李綱和文天祥的〈胡笳十八拍〉集句詩的歷史意義，歸納為三個要點：
一， 延續王安石的〈胡笳十八拍〉集句手法，仿傚蔡琰自述亂離身世的敘事模式。
二， 確立杜甫的文學地位，推崇杜詩為集句詩寫作的取材典範。
三， 實踐「以詩為史」，擴大「詩史」的指涉範圍。
Adaptations for Southern Song’s Poem “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”( “Eighteen Songs of a Nomad’s Flute”) and their Historical Significance
Journal of Zhejian University 42:1 (Jan., 2012), pp.128-138.
Cai Yan, daughter of Cai Yong, was a renowned poet in the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Cai Yan’s husband Wei Zhong Dao had passed away, she went back to her parents’ home because she did not manage to bear any children. In 194-195AD, during the Hun Invasion, Cai Yan was then captured by them for twelve years. While in captivity during this period, she had two children. After which, Cao Cao, a long time friend of Cai Yong, offered to redeem Cai Yan out of respect and gratitude for his old friend and married her off to Dong Si. Throughout this period Cai Yan had much grievance about her whole life, thus the reason to write this poem for remembrance.
There were speculations amongst the people which lead them into believing that there were three poems which were attributed to Cai Yan, namely two versions of “Bei Fen Shi” and “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”. However, there are some debates over the identification of the real author for “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”. As the poem was believed to be very close to Cai Yan’s sentiments and thoughts, many have argued that she was the actual author based on the content and vocabulary used in the poem. Subsequently, there were more poets adopting the same title “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”, such as Liu Shang in the Tang Dynasty; along with Wang An Shi, Li Gang and Wen Tian Xiang in the Song Dynasty.
The “Ji Ju Shi” which was also known as the “lines collection poems”, which was written by Wang An Shi are known to be “fast paced”, “good in antithetic parallelism” and “better than the original writer”. His writing style for lines collection poems were recognized as “Jing Gong Ti”, and his version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” is considered one of his many remarkable works. Wang An Shi was well known for his display of quirkiness in his poem, being able to create one with no difficulty and still remained composed while crafting a poem.
Li Gang’s version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” was not created to help Cai Yan express her sorrow, but to express his own feelings instead. Based on the artistic achievement, this version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” did not have a clear narrative structure. The image of the whole poem was very concentrated and it had a lot of obscure literary allusions. However, some of the literary allusions used in the poem were repetitive, therefore Li Gang’s version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” was not as fluent as Cai Yan’s and as natural as Wang An Shi’s.
Comparatively, Wen Tian Xiang’s version of “Hu Jia Qu” was more musically inclined than Wang An Shi’s and Li Gang’s version of which one hundred and sixty lines of poem were all quoted from Du Fu’s poems. “Hu Jia Qu” combined the styles from both Cai Yan and Du Fu, which was then mixed with Wang An Shi’s meticulous way of lines collective writing style, followed by Li Gang’s intention of “writing poems to express history”. Therefore we can deem the poem “Hu Jia Qu” as a work that integrates and embodied loyalty, love and affection within one poem.
As for the content of these three poems, Wan An Shi adopted an objective point of view to describe Cai Yan’s life story; whereas in Li Gang’s version he did not include any historical facts about Cai Yan; and in another example Wen Tian Xiang was using Cai Yan’s tragic experience to describe his own turmoil and vagrant life. These respective content in the three poems was unique in their own way.
In Wang An Shi’s version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”, there were occasions when he used the first person perspective to narrate the story, and sometimes he would change to the observer’s omniscient perspective. In general, his narrative tone and structure was quite similar to Cai Yan’s “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”. In Li Gang’s version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai”, the author purposely eliminate the content of Cai Yan’s tragic life experience, and made use of the structure to narrate the history of the “An Shish Rebellison”. In Wen Tian Xaing’s version of “Hu Jia Qu”, as the author had encountered the same tragic experience of separation from his children as Cai Yan, he paid more attention to narrate his empathy. In this way, Wen Tian Xiang had not only portrait a macro-historical picture, but also painted out his own endless frustration and bitterness.
This paper aims to focus on discussing Li Gang’s and Wen Tian Xiang’s version of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” and how they were used in comparison with Cai Yan’s original poem. In conclusion, both versions of “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” have three significant main points:
1. A continuation of Wang An Shi’s “Hu Jia Shi Ba Pai” writing style, which imitates how Cai Yan narrates her tragic life experience.
2. Establish the status of Du Fu’s literary, promote his poems as the classic example of lines collection poems.
3. Fulfill the concept of “reflecting history in poetry” and expand the referral meaning of it.
沒有留言:
張貼留言